CHE495 Hydrocarbon Chemistry UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

CHE495 Hydrocarbon Chemistry provides students with a comprehensive understanding of organic chemical processes relevant to industrial applications. The CHE495 course covers key topics such as organic nomenclature, various reaction types and mechanisms, as well as the study of biomolecules and polymers. 

Through this course, students will gain a strong chemical background, enabling them to comprehend and engage in the complexities of hydrocarbon chemistry in real-world industries.

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Assignment  Brief 1 : Describe the concept of hybridization between atoms in organic molecules.

Hybridization is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry that explains the arrangement of atomic orbitals around atoms in a molecule. In organic molecules, carbon is the most common atom involved in hybridization. The concept of hybridization arose to explain the observed geometric shapes and bonding patterns of molecules.

In organic compounds, carbon can form four covalent bonds due to its electronic configuration (1s^2 2s^2 2p^2). These four valence electrons can be combined in various ways to form different types of hybrid orbitals. The most common hybridizations observed in organic chemistry are sp3, sp2, and sp.

• sp3 hybridization: This occurs when one s orbital and three p orbitals of carbon combine to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. These orbitals have a tetrahedral arrangement around the carbon atom and are involved in the formation of single bonds. Examples of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms can be found in methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6).
• sp2 hybridization: In this case, one s orbital and two p orbitals of carbon combine to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals. The unhybridized p orbital lies perpendicular to the plane formed by the three sp2 orbitals. This hybridization results in a trigonal planar arrangement around the carbon atom and is commonly found in molecules containing double bonds, such as ethene (C2H4).
• sp hybridization: When one s orbital and one p orbital of carbon combine, two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals are formed. The remaining two unhybridized p orbitals are perpendicular to each other and to the plane containing the sp orbitals. This leads to a linear arrangement around the carbon atom, typically found in molecules containing triple bonds, such as ethyne (C2H2).

Hybridization helps explain the geometry of organic molecules and the types of bonds they form, which is crucial in understanding their reactivity and properties.

Assignment Brief 2 : Analyse and distinguish the reactions of organic compounds based upon their functional activity

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific structural motifs or arrangements of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical reactivity and properties. Different functional groups exhibit characteristic reactions, allowing chemists to predict and distinguish the behavior of organic compounds based on their functional activity. Here are some common functional groups and their characteristic reactions:

• Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons containing only single bonds. They are relatively unreactive under normal conditions, undergoing reactions mainly involving combustion and halogenation.
• Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They undergo addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, halogenation, and hydration, where a molecule adds across the double bond.
• Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. They undergo addition reactions similar to alkenes.
• Alcohols: Contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. They undergo reactions like dehydration to form alkenes, oxidation to form aldehydes or ketones, and esterification to form esters.
• Carbonyl compounds: Include aldehydes and ketones, containing the carbonyl (C=O) functional group. They participate in nucleophilic addition reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions, and oxidation reactions.
• Carboxylic acids: Contain the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. They react through nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions and can form esters through esterification.
• Amines: Contain the amino (-NH2) functional group. They act as bases and can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions and acylation reactions.
• Halides: Organic compounds containing halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine). They undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions and elimination reactions.

Assignment Brief 3 : Evaluate chemical reactions and propose plausible chemical reaction mechanisms.

In organic chemistry, understanding reaction mechanisms is crucial to rationalize how reactants transform into products at the molecular level. Proposing plausible reaction mechanisms involves breaking down the steps through which a chemical reaction occurs. Here’s a general approach to evaluating chemical reactions and proposing mechanisms:

• Identify the reactants and products: Start by writing the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
• Determine the type of reaction: Classify the reaction into various categories, such as substitution, addition, elimination, oxidation-reduction, etc.
• Analyze the functional groups: Identify the functional groups present in the reactants and products, as they play a significant role in reaction mechanisms.
• Investigate reaction conditions: Consider the reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, solvent, catalysts) as they influence the reaction rate and mechanism.
• Propose the reaction mechanism: Based on the information gathered, suggest a step-by-step mechanism that explains the transformation of reactants into products. Use electron movements and intermediates to justify each step.
• Check for intermediates and transition states: Assess the presence of any intermediate species or transition states based on the proposed mechanism.
• Consider stereochemistry: If applicable, consider the stereochemistry of the reaction and how it affects the product formation.
• Experimental evidence: Corroborate the proposed mechanism with any experimental evidence, kinetic data, or spectroscopic observations that support the steps involved.
• Compare with known mechanisms: Compare your proposed mechanism with similar reactions and known reaction mechanisms in the literature.
• Draw the final mechanism: Present the reaction mechanism using arrows to indicate the movement of electrons, and label each step.

Remember that proposing a mechanism is not always straightforward, and sometimes additional experimentation or theoretical calculations may be necessary to validate the proposed pathway. The process requires critical thinking and a deep understanding of organic chemistry principles.

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