CHE430 Organic Chemistry UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

The CHE430 Organic Chemistry course at UITM (University Teknologi MARA) in Malaysia offers students a comprehensive understanding of organic chemical processes prevalent in various industries. It covers essential topics such as organic nomenclature, various reaction types and mechanisms, as well as an exploration of biomolecules and polymers. 

Through this course, students gain a strong chemical foundation that enables them to comprehend and engage with the complexities of organic chemistry in practical applications.

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Assignment Task 1 : Describe the concept of hybridization between atoms in organic molecules.

In organic chemistry, the concept of hybridization is crucial in understanding the structure and bonding of molecules. It explains how atoms in organic compounds rearrange their orbitals to form new, stable bonds. Hybridization occurs when an atom undergoes a change in its electron configuration to achieve a more stable state during the formation of covalent bonds.

In organic molecules, carbon is the central element, and its ability to form stable bonds is due to its unique electron configuration. In its ground state, carbon has two electrons in the 1s orbital and two in the 2s orbital, leaving two unpaired electrons in the 2p orbitals. To form four bonds and achieve a stable configuration, carbon undergoes hybridization by mixing its 2s and three 2p orbitals, resulting in four equivalent hybrid orbitals known as sp³ orbitals. This process allows carbon to bond with four other atoms, such as other carbon atoms or heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, or halogens), forming a tetrahedral geometry.

There are other types of hybridization observed in organic compounds:

sp² Hybridization: 

In this case, carbon mixes its 2s and two out of three 2p orbitals to form three equivalent sp² hybrid orbitals. This occurs when carbon is involved in a double bond, such as in alkenes. The remaining unhybridized p-orbital lies perpendicular to the plane formed by the sp² orbitals, enabling the formation of π (pi) bonds.

sp Hybridization: 

Here, carbon mixes its 2s and only one out of three 2p orbitals to form two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals. This happens when carbon is involved in a triple bond, as in alkynes. The two unhybridized p-orbitals are oriented in a linear fashion, allowing for two π (pi) bonds.

Understanding hybridization is vital for predicting molecular geometries, bond angles, and reactivity patterns in organic molecules, and it forms the foundation for studying organic chemistry.

Assignment Task 2 : Analyse and distinguish reactions of organic compounds based upon their functional activity

Organic compounds contain functional groups, which are specific arrangements of atoms that define their chemical properties and reactivity. The reactions of organic compounds can be categorized based on their functional groups. Here are some common functional groups and their corresponding reactions:

Alkanes:

• Combustion: Alkanes react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water in a combustion reaction.
• Halogenation: Alkanes can undergo substitution reactions with halogens (e.g., chlorine or bromine) in the presence of ultraviolet light, resulting in the replacement of hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.

Alkenes:

Addition Reactions: Alkenes readily undergo addition reactions, where the double bond is broken, and new atoms or groups are added to the molecule. Examples include hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen), halogenation (addition of halogens), and hydration (addition of water, forming alcohols).

Alkynes:

Similar to alkenes, alkynes also undergo addition reactions, resulting in the formation of new compounds.

Alcohols:

• Dehydration: Alcohols can lose a water molecule in the presence of heat and acid catalysts, forming alkenes.
• Oxidation: Alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the conditions and the type of alcohol.

Carboxylic Acids:

• Esterification: Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols to form esters and water.
• Decarboxylation: Under certain conditions, carboxylic acids can lose a carbon dioxide molecule.

Amines:

• Amine can act as a base and react with acids to form salts.
• Alkylation: Amines can react with alkyl halides to form N-alkylated amines

Assignment Task 3 : Evaluate chemical reactions and propose plausible chemical reaction mechanisms.

Proposing plausible chemical reaction mechanisms involves providing a step-by-step explanation of how reactants transform into products, including the intermediates formed during the reaction. Here’s a general outline of how to approach this task:

• Identify the Reaction: Determine the type of reaction taking place, such as substitution, addition, elimination, or redox.
• Write the Overall Reaction: Present the balanced chemical equation for the reaction, showing the reactants and products involved.
• Propose the Mechanism: Based on the reaction type and the nature of the reactants, propose a plausible step-by-step mechanism. This involves showing the different elementary steps through which reactants transform into products, along with the formation of any intermediates.
• Consider Reaction Conditions: Discuss the influence of temperature, pressure, solvents, and catalysts on the reaction mechanism and its rate.
• Discuss Stereochemistry: If relevant, consider the stereochemistry of the reaction, especially if chiral centers are involved.
• Provide Relevant Data: Support your proposed mechanism with any experimental data, kinetic studies, or spectroscopic evidence that supports the reaction pathway.

Remember that proposing reaction mechanisms can be challenging and often requires a deep understanding of reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and organic chemistry principles. It is crucial to consider existing literature and experimental evidence while proposing mechanisms to ensure plausibility and accuracy

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