CEW541 Engineering Hydrology UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

The CEW541 Engineering Hydrology course at UITM in Malaysia provides an introduction to the hydrological cycle and the concept of water budget. It covers various topics such as precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, and surface water. The  Engineering Hydrology course also includes discussions on hydrologic analysis, including unit hydrograph, flow routing, statistical methods, and frequency analysis in hydrology. Additionally, students are introduced to the application of hydrology principles in urban stormwater design using the procedures outlined in the Urban Storm Water Management Manual (MSMA).

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Assignment Task 1: Illustrate the concept of hydrological cycle, precipitation, losses, stream flow measurement and calculation.

The hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle, refers to the continuous movement of water on Earth. It involves various processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Here is an illustration of the concept and its components:

• Evaporation: The sun’s heat causes water from oceans, lakes, and rivers to evaporate and transform into water vapor, rising into the atmosphere.
• Condensation: As the water vapor rises and cools, it undergoes condensation, forming clouds in the atmosphere.
• Precipitation: When the moisture in the clouds becomes too heavy, it falls back to the Earth’s surface as precipitation. This can take various forms, including rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
• Infiltration: Precipitation that reaches the ground can infiltrate the soil, replenishing groundwater resources.
• Surface Runoff: When the ground becomes saturated or impermeable, excess water flows over the surface as runoff, eventually reaching streams, rivers, and other bodies of water.
• Losses: During the hydrological cycle, there are losses of water through various processes. These losses include evaporation from lakes, rivers, and vegetation, as well as transpiration, which is the process of water loss from plants.
• Stream Flow Measurement: Stream flow refers to the amount of water passing through a river or stream channel. Stream flow can be measured using different methods, such as the velocity-area method or the flow rate measurements at specific locations along the channel. These measurements help in understanding the water availability and managing water resources effectively.
• Stream Flow Calculation: To calculate stream flow, several factors are considered, such as the cross-sectional area of the channel and the velocity of the water. By multiplying the cross-sectional area by the average velocity, the discharge or stream flow can be determined. This information is vital for hydrologists and water resource engineers to assess water availability and design appropriate infrastructure.

Assignment Task 2: Assess hydrological data using statistical and hydrologic routing methods for design problem solving.

Assessing hydrological data is crucial for solving design problems related to water resources. Two common approaches for analyzing hydrological data are statistical methods and hydrologic routing methods. Let’s explore each of these methods briefly:

• Statistical Methods: Statistical analysis helps in understanding the characteristics of hydrological data, such as rainfall patterns, streamflow, and water level fluctuations. Key statistical techniques used in hydrology include frequency analysis, probability distributions, and correlation analysis. These methods allow hydrologists to estimate the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, such as floods or droughts, which are essential for designing water management systems and infrastructure.
• Hydrologic Routing Methods: Hydrologic routing involves modeling the movement of water through a river system or other water channels. Routing methods help determine the flow of water over time and its interaction with different components of the hydrological system. Examples of hydrologic routing methods include unit hydrograph analysis, hydrologic models (e.g., HEC-HMS, SWAT), and hydraulic models (e.g., HEC-RAS). These methods enable hydrologists to simulate and predict the behavior of water flow, aiding in the design of reservoirs, flood control structures, and drainage systems.

By applying statistical methods to historical hydrological data and utilizing hydrologic routing methods for simulation and prediction, engineers and hydrologists can solve design problems related to water resources effectively. These approaches help in making informed decisions, optimizing water management strategies, and mitigating potential risks associated with water-related projects.

Assignment Task 3: Conduct urban stormwater design using Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MSMA, 2012).

Urban stormwater management is essential to control and mitigate the adverse effects of rainfall runoff in urban areas. The Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MSMA, 2012) provides guidelines and standards for stormwater management in Malaysia. Here are the key steps involved in conducting urban stormwater design using the manual:

• Catchment Analysis: Identify the urban catchment area for which stormwater management is required. Gather relevant data such as land use, topography, soil types, and rainfall characteristics in the area.
• Design Rainfall: Determine the design rainfall based on the MSMA rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves. The design rainfall represents the maximum expected rainfall intensity for a given duration and frequency.
• Runoff Calculation: Calculate the design runoff using appropriate methods such as the Rational Method or Time-Area Method. These methods consider factors like catchment characteristics, rainfall intensity, and time of concentration to estimate the runoff volume and peak flow rates.
• Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs): Select and design suitable stormwater control measures based on the MSMA guidelines. SCMs may include detention ponds, retention basins, infiltration systems, vegetated swales, and stormwater treatment devices. Size and design these SCMs to effectively manage the design runoff and meet water quality requirements.
• Hydraulic Design: Conduct hydraulic design for stormwater conveyance systems such as open channels, pipes, culverts, and drains. Size these components to safely transport the design runoff without causing flooding or erosion.
• Water Quality Management: Implement appropriate measures to manage and treat stormwater runoff to minimize pollution and protect receiving water bodies. Consider using techniques like sedimentation basins, oil-grit separators, or bio-retention systems to improve water quality.
• Design Review and Approval: Review the stormwater design to ensure compliance with the MSMA guidelines, local regulations, and project-specific requirements. Seek approval from relevant authorities responsible for stormwater management.

By following the Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MSMA, 2012) and considering the unique characteristics of the urban area, engineers and urban planners can design effective stormwater management systems. These systems aim to reduce flood risks, control erosion, improve water quality, and promote sustainable urban development.

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