CBE667 Industrial Bioprocess Technology UITM Assignment Sample Malaysia

The CBE667 Industrial Bioprocess Technology course at UITM Malaysia covers the large-scale production and industrial applications of important products from primary microbial metabolism. 

Students will learn about various products such as Ethanol, Glycerol, Acetone, Butanol, Isopropanol, 2,3-Butanediol, Lactic Acid, Citric Acid, Gluconic Acid, Acetic Acid, other Organic Acids, Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acids, Amino Acids, Extracellular Polysaccharides, and Biosurfactants. The course emphasizes both classical methods and new applications, highlighting their significance as renewable resources.

Additionally, it briefly introduces products from secondary metabolism, particularly pharmaceuticals, including traditional antibacterials, new generation compounds, immunomodulators, and antitumor drugs. Practical laboratory exercises on microbial production are also included in the course.

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Assignment Task 1 : Ability to describe principles of a primary and secondary microbial metabolism and apply the principles to develop synthetic schemes.

Microbial Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that occur within microorganisms to sustain life. It can be broadly classified into two types: Primary Metabolism and Secondary Metabolism.

Primary Metabolism: 

Primary metabolism includes essential biochemical pathways necessary for the growth and maintenance of the microorganism. These pathways are universal among microorganisms and are involved in the synthesis and degradation of fundamental cellular components. Key principles of primary metabolism are as follows:

• Central Dogma: This principle describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA replication, transcription, and translation are fundamental processes in primary metabolism.
• Energy Production: Primary metabolism involves energy-generating processes like glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. These pathways produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of the cell.
• Biosynthetic Pathways: Primary metabolism includes biosynthetic pathways for essential molecules like amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, and carbohydrates.
• Catabolic Pathways: These pathways break down complex molecules to release energy and produce building blocks for biosynthesis.
• Regulation: Primary metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain cellular homeostasis and respond to changing environmental conditions.

Using the principles of primary metabolism, synthetic schemes can be developed to engineer microorganisms for the production of specific metabolites or biomolecules of interest.

Secondary Metabolism: 

Secondary metabolism involves the production of specialized metabolites that are not essential for the immediate growth and survival of microorganisms but often play vital roles in adaptation, competition, and communication. These metabolites have diverse functions, such as antibiotic production, pigmentation, and signaling. Key principles of secondary metabolism are as follows:

• Non-Universality: Secondary metabolites are not found in all microorganisms and may be species-specific or strain-specific.
• Inducible Expression: Secondary metabolites are often produced under specific environmental conditions or in response to external stimuli.
• Chemical Diversity: Secondary metabolites exhibit a wide range of chemical structures and properties, making them valuable in various industrial applications.
• Regulation: The expression of secondary metabolism genes is subject to complex regulatory mechanisms, and their production can be controlled through genetic engineering.

Applying the principles of secondary metabolism, synthetic schemes can be designed to harness microorganisms for the production of specialized metabolites with industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Assignment Task 2 : Ability to outline the industrial applications of primary metabolism products and describe the physical and chemical structure of these products.

Industrial Applications of Primary Metabolism Products: Primary metabolism products have significant industrial applications due to their widespread use in various sectors. Some of the notable products and their applications include:

• Amino Acids: Amino acids are used as nutritional supplements, flavor enhancers, and in the production of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and animal feed additives.
• Nucleotides: Nucleotides find applications in the food industry as flavor enhancers and as important components in infant formulae and dietary supplements.
• Ethanol: Produced through the fermentation of sugars by microorganisms, ethanol is widely used as a biofuel and as a key component in the manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.
• Organic Acids: Organic acids like citric acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid have various industrial applications, including food and beverage preservation, flavoring, and pH regulation in various processes.
• Enzymes: Enzymes, proteins involved in catalyzing chemical reactions, are widely used in industrial processes, such as food processing, detergent production, and pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Physical and Chemical Structure of Primary Metabolism Products: 

The physical and chemical structures of primary metabolism products vary depending on the specific compound. Amino acids, nucleotides, and organic acids are typically small molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, in some cases, sulfur or phosphorus. They form the building blocks of larger biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Assignment Task 3 : Ability to explain organic-chemical reactions that occur in biosynthesis and organic synthesis and solve problems associated with those processes.

Organic-Chemical Reactions in Biosynthesis and Organic Synthesis: Organic-chemical reactions are crucial in both biosynthesis (occurring in living organisms) and organic synthesis (laboratory-based production of organic compounds). Some common organic-chemical reactions include:

• Esterification: A reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, producing an ester and water. Esterification is involved in lipid and triglyceride synthesis in cells and is also utilized in the production of flavors and fragrances.
• Amination: The introduction of an amino group (NH2) into an organic compound. Amination reactions are vital in the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other nitrogen-containing compounds.
• Hydrolysis: A reaction in which a chemical compound reacts with water, resulting in the breakdown of a larger molecule into smaller components. Hydrolysis is involved in the digestion of food and in the catabolism of macromolecules in cells.
• Aldol Reaction: An important carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction, used in the biosynthesis of sugars and some natural products. It is also utilized in organic synthesis to create complex molecules.
• Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions: Reactions involving the transfer of electrons between molecules. Redox reactions play a critical role in energy production (e.g., in cellular respiration) and are also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.

Solving Problems Associated with Organic-Chemical Reactions: Solving problems associated with organic-chemical reactions involves understanding reaction mechanisms, stoichiometry, and reaction conditions. It may include determining reaction yields, identifying intermediates, and optimizing reaction parameters for better efficiency and selectivity. Tools such as spectroscopy (e.g., NMR, IR) and analytical techniques help in monitoring reactions and confirming product identity.

Overall, a comprehensive understanding of microbial metabolism, industrial applications of primary metabolism products, and organic-chemical reactions is essential for designing synthetic schemes and addressing challenges in various scientific and industrial fields . 

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