CBE422 Organic And Instrumental Chemistry For Engineers UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

The course “CBE422 Organic and Instrumental Chemistry for Engineers” at UITM (Universiti Teknologi MARA) in Malaysia introduces students to organic compounds and their various aspects. The CBE422  course covers topics such as the structure, properties, nomenclature, reactions, and applications of organic compounds. It also emphasizes the study of organic chemistry concerning biological molecules and delves into chemical and bioprocess principles.

Students will explore the structure, properties, and reactivity of biological molecules, as well as their synthesis and roles in biological processes. The main objective of the course is to provide students with valuable insights into the chemical and bioprocess industry, particularly focusing on the organic fine chemicals sector. Through this course, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of organic chemistry’s applications and significance in engineering and industrial settings.

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Assignment Task 1 : Describe the organic bonding theory with the application in the industry.

The organic bonding theory is an essential concept in organic chemistry that revolves around the structure and properties of organic compounds. Organic compounds are primarily composed of carbon atoms bonded together, often forming long chains or rings. The unique properties of organic compounds can be attributed to the various types of bonding they exhibit. The three main types of organic bonds are covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

• Covalent Bonds: These are the most common type of bonds in organic compounds. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms, typically carbon and hydrogen, or carbon and other non-metal atoms. This strong bond provides stability to organic molecules, making them less reactive and ideal for applications where durability is required.
• Polar Covalent Bonds: When two atoms have different electronegativities, the shared electrons are not equally distributed between them. This leads to the development of partial charges, creating a polar covalent bond. The polarity of these bonds makes organic compounds soluble in polar solvents, which is crucial for many industrial processes.
• Hydrogen Bonds: These bonds are not typical covalent bonds but are weaker interactions between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms (like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) and lone pairs of electrons on nearby electronegative atoms. Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the properties of organic compounds, such as the boiling points of alcohols and the stability of protein structures.

Applications in the Industry:

 The organic bonding theory finds extensive applications in various industries, including:

• Pharmaceutical Industry: Understanding organic bonding helps researchers design and synthesize new drugs with specific molecular structures to interact with biological targets, improving their effectiveness and reducing side effects.
• Petrochemical Industry: Organic bonding theory is fundamental in the study of hydrocarbons, enabling the extraction and refining of petroleum products used as fuels and raw materials for various chemicals.
• Polymer Industry: Knowledge of organic bonding assists in the production of polymers, such as plastics and synthetic fibers, by controlling the arrangement of monomers through covalent bonding.
• Agrochemical Industry: Organic bonding is vital for designing pesticides and fertilizers, ensuring they interact efficiently with targeted organisms while being stable and safe.
• Food and Flavor Industry: The study of organic bonding aids in understanding the molecular structure of flavor compounds, allowing for the synthesis of artificial flavors and fragrances.

Assignment Task 2 : Distinguish the functional groups of compounds that commonly produced in the industry from organic chemistry reactions.

Functional groups are specific atoms or groups of atoms within organic compounds that determine their chemical reactivity and properties. Numerous functional groups are commonly produced in the industry through various organic chemistry reactions. Some of the key functional groups and their corresponding reactions include:

• Alcohols: Produced through the reaction of alkenes or alkyl halides with water (hydration reaction) or by reducing aldehydes and ketones.
• Aldehydes: Produced by the oxidation of primary alcohols or by partial oxidation of primary alkyl halides.
• Ketones: Formed by the oxidation of secondary alcohols or through the reaction of secondary alkyl halides with organometallic compounds.
• Carboxylic Acids: Produced by the oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes, and from the hydrolysis of nitriles.
• Esters: Synthesized through the reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols, known as esterification.
• Amines: Produced by the reaction of ammonia or primary/secondary amines with alkyl halides or acyl chlorides.
• Amides: Formed by the reaction of amines with carboxylic acids or acid chlorides.
• Ethers: Produced through the Williamson ether synthesis, which involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide.
• Halogenated Compounds: Created through the halogenation of hydrocarbons, where hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
• Nitriles: Formed by the reaction of alkyl halides with sodium or potassium cyanide.

Assignment Task 3 : Appraise the organic chemistry reactions involved in relation to functional groups for industrial application

The organic chemistry reactions mentioned above have significant industrial applications due to the diversity of functional groups they produce .

 Here are some examples:

• Esterification: The production of esters is essential in the fragrance and flavor industry, where artificial scents and tastes are synthesized for various products like perfumes, cosmetics, and food additives.
• Alcohol Dehydration: This reaction is crucial in the production of biofuels and industrial solvents, as it converts alcohols into olefins (alkenes), which serve as valuable starting materials in various chemical processes.
• Hydrogenation of Alkenes: The hydrogenation of vegetable oils produces saturated fats, commonly used in the food industry for cooking oils and margarine.
• Oxidation of Aldehydes: The oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids is essential in the synthesis of organic acids, such as acetic acid used in vinegar production.
• Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones: The reduction of carbonyl compounds allows for the production of alcohols, which find use in pharmaceuticals, solvents, and chemical intermediates.
• Nitrile Hydrolysis: Nitriles are hydrolyzed to amides or carboxylic acids, which are vital building blocks in the pharmaceutical and polymer industries.
• Amine Alkylation: Alkylated amines are used as surfactants, cleaning agents, and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
• Halogenation: The halogenation of hydrocarbons produces halogenated compounds used as refrigerants, solvents, and agrochemicals.

Overall, understanding organic chemistry reactions related to functional groups is critical for designing and optimizing industrial processes to produce a wide range of chemicals, materials, and consumer products that we use in our daily lives.

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