CBE421 Organic Chemistry UITM Assignment Sample Malaysia

The course, CBE421 Organic Chemistry at UITM, Malaysia, provides an introduction to organic compounds, covering their structure, properties, nomenclature, reactions, and applications. It emphasizes the study of organic chemistry in relation to biological molecules, with a special focus on chemical and bioprocess principles. 

Students will explore the structure, properties, and reactivity of biological molecules, as well as their synthesis and roles in biological processes. The CBE421  course aims to provide insights into the chemical and bioprocess industry, particularly focusing on the organic fine chemicals sector.

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Assignment Activity 1: Describe the organic bonding theory with the application in the industry.

Organic bonding theory is a fundamental concept in organic chemistry that deals with how atoms are connected within organic compounds. In organic compounds, carbon is the central element, and it can form strong covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon itself, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements. The unique properties of organic compounds arise from the diversity and flexibility of carbon-based molecules.

Key points of Organic Bonding Theory:

• Covalent Bonding: Organic compounds predominantly form covalent bonds, where atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing allows for the creation of complex and diverse molecular structures.

• Single, Double, and Triple Bonds: Carbon atoms can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements. These multiple bonds influence the reactivity and properties of the compounds.
• Functional Groups: Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms or bonds that confer characteristic chemical properties to organic molecules. They determine how the compound behaves in chemical reactions.
• Isomerism: Organic compounds can exhibit different structural isomers, where the atoms are arranged in a different order, leading to distinct chemical properties.

Application in the Industry:

The principles of organic bonding theory find extensive application in various industries, including:

• Pharmaceuticals: Organic chemistry plays a crucial role in drug development, where scientists design and synthesize organic compounds with specific functional groups to target particular biological receptors, enzymes, or pathways. Understanding organic bonding enables the creation of effective and safe medications.
• Petrochemicals: The petrochemical industry relies heavily on organic chemistry to process and convert crude oil and natural gas into various products, such as plastics, solvents, and fuels. Organic bonding theory guides the synthesis of different hydrocarbons and functionalized compounds.

• Agrochemicals: Organic chemistry is used in the development of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers to improve crop yield and protect plants from diseases and pests. Knowledge of organic bonding helps in designing compounds with desired properties and targeted actions.
• Polymers: Organic bonding theory is crucial in polymer chemistry, where monomers are linked together to form long-chain polymers. Understanding the bonding between monomers allows for the controlled synthesis of polymers with specific properties for diverse industrial applications.

Assignment Activity 2 : Distinguish the functional groups of compounds that commonly produced in the industry from organic chemistry reactions.

In industrial organic chemistry, several functional groups are commonly encountered due to their significant influence on the chemical properties of compounds.

Some of these functional groups include:

• Alcohols (-OH): Commonly produced in industry through the hydration of olefins (alkenes) or fermentation processes. Industrial alcohols find use as solvents, fuel additives, and raw materials for various chemical synthesis.
• Carboxylic Acids (-COOH): Produced by the oxidation of primary alcohols or hydrocarbons containing terminal functional groups. Carboxylic acids are essential in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, plastics, and food additives.
• Aldehydes (-CHO): Produced by partial oxidation of primary alcohols. Aldehydes are used in the production of resins, flavors, and fragrances.
• Ketones (-C=O): Synthesized through the oxidation of secondary alcohols or by reacting acid chlorides with organometallic compounds. Ketones are valuable solvents and key intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals and polymers.
• Amines (-NH2): Produced by the reduction of nitro compounds or by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides. Amines find applications in the pharmaceutical, rubber, and agricultural industries.
• Ethers (-O-): Produced by the condensation of alcohols. Ethers are used as solvents and as components in the production of perfumes, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

Assignment Activity 3 : Appraise the organic chemistry reactions involved in relation to functional groups for industrial application

The organic chemistry reactions involved in relation to functional groups in industrial applications are diverse and can include:

• Esterification: The reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid produces an ester and water. Esterification is crucial in the production of various flavors, fragrances, and plasticizers.
• Hydrogenation: The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated compounds, such as alkenes or alkynes, leads to the formation of alkanes or alkanes. Hydrogenation is widely used in the production of margarine, vegetable oils, and petrochemical processes.
• Nitrification: The reaction between amines and nitric acid or its derivatives produces nitro compounds. Nitrification is essential in the synthesis of explosives and dyes.
• Halogenation: The addition of halogens (e.g., chlorine or bromine) to hydrocarbons results in the formation of halogenated compounds. This reaction is employed in the production of various plastics and pesticides.
• Amide Formation: The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine leads to the formation of an amide and water. Amides are important in the pharmaceutical industry and in the production of nylon.
• Oxidation of Alcohols: The oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids, and secondary alcohols to ketones, is a crucial industrial process in the production of various chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

These examples demonstrate how the understanding of organic chemistry reactions and functional groups allows the industry to synthesize a wide range of compounds with diverse properties for practical applications.

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