BMS542 Eukaryotic Cell Biology UITM Assignment Sample Malaysia

BMS542 Eukaryotic Cell Biology is a course offered at UITM (Universiti Teknologi MARA) in Malaysia. It builds upon the foundational knowledge covered in Cell Biology & Genetics and focuses on the in-depth study of eukaryotic cells and their interactions with the environment. The course covers various topics, including the structure and function of the plasma membrane, the endomembrane system, protein targeting, nuclear structure and function, as well as the role of the cytoskeleton in intracellular transport. Additionally, students will learn about cell-cell signaling, cell cycle control, cell injury and death, and cancer. The course provides a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and mechanisms underlying eukaryotic cell biology.

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Assignment Task 1 : Recall concepts relating to the structure, organisation and functions of various parts of the eukaryotic cell.

Eukaryotic cells are complex, multicellular organisms that possess distinct compartments or organelles with specialized functions. Some key organelles and their functions are:

• Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and regulating gene expression.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport.
• Golgi Apparatus: Responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within or outside the cell.
• Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
• Lysosomes: Organelles containing digestive enzymes, involved in breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
• Cytoskeleton: A dynamic network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) that provides cell structure, shape, and aids in cell movement and intracellular transport.
• Plasma Membrane: The outer boundary of the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Assignment Task 2 : Describe the principles and mechanisms underlying the cytoskeleton, movement of cells and the major signalling pathways in eukaryotic cells

Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments that maintain cell shape, support cellular organization, and facilitate cellular movements. Its three main components are:

• Microtubules: Hollow tubes made of tubulin that provide structural support, facilitate intracellular transport, and form the mitotic spindle during cell division.
• Microfilaments (Actin Filaments): Thin, solid filaments composed of actin that are involved in cell motility, cell division, and maintaining cell shape.
• Intermediate Filaments: Fibrous filaments that provide mechanical strength to cells and help anchor organelles.

Cell Movement: Cell movement relies on the cytoskeleton and involves two major processes:

• Cilia and Flagella: These are hair-like structures projecting from the cell surface, responsible for cell movement or moving substances along the cell surface
• Cell Migration: Involves the dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton to enable cells to move during processes like wound healing, immune responses, and embryonic development.
  

  Major Signaling Pathways:

Eukaryotic cells use signaling pathways to communicate and respond to external and internal stimuli. Some major signaling pathways include:

• Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Pathway: Activated by ligand binding to receptor tyrosine kinases, leading to cell growth, differentiation, and survival.
• G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Pathway: Involves G-proteins and second messengers, regulating a wide range of cellular responses.
• Notch Signaling Pathway: Important for cell fate determination and differentiation during development.

Assignment Task 3 : Illustrate and discuss how current knowledge and understanding of the above concepts has help to solve real world problems e.g. medical treatment of diseases and cancer

• Cancer Treatment: Understanding cell signaling pathways has led to targeted therapies that specifically inhibit the abnormal signaling in cancer cells, reducing side effects and improving treatment outcomes.
• Drug Development: Knowledge of cell structure and organization has enabled the design of drugs that target specific organelles or cellular processes, enhancing their efficacy and safety.
• Regenerative Medicine: Understanding cell movement and migration has facilitated research in tissue engineering and regenerative therapies, offering potential solutions for organ transplantation and repair.
• Neurological Disorders: Insights into cytoskeletal dynamics have shed light on neurodegenerative diseases, leading to potential therapeutic strategies for conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
• Immune System Modulation: Understanding cell signaling has allowed for the development of immunomodulatory drugs that target specific pathways, improving the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer immunotherapy.

 Assignment Task 4 : Conduct experiments in basic cell biology e.g. culture and propagation of mammalian cell lines

Experiment: Mammalian Cell Culture and Propagation

Objective: 

To culture and propagate mammalian cells in a laboratory setting.

Materials:

• Tissue culture dishes or flasks
• Mammalian cell line (e.g., HeLa cells)
• Cell culture media (e.g., DMEM)
• Fetal bovine serum (FBS) or other appropriate serum
• Trypsin-EDTA solution
• CO2 incubator
• Microscope
• Pipettes and pipette tips
• Sterile culture hood or laminar flow cabinet

Procedure:

• Prepare the cell culture media by mixing the appropriate cell culture medium with FBS (typically 10% FBS) and any additional supplements required for the specific cell line.
• Thaw the mammalian cell line from a frozen stock vial quickly in a water bath at 37°C.
• Transfer the thawed cells into a sterile culture hood and gently add pre-warmed culture media to the cell suspension to dilute the cryoprotectant.
• Centrifuge the cell suspension at a low speed to pellet the cells.
• Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in fresh, pre-warmed culture media.
• Seed the cells in tissue culture dishes or flasks at an appropriate density, depending on the experimental requirements and cell growth characteristics.
• Place the culture dishes or flasks in a CO2 incubator set to 37°C with 5% CO2 and high humidity.
• Regularly check the cells under a microscope to monitor cell growth and confluency.
• When the cells reach a suitable confluency (usually 70-80%), detach them from the culture surface using trypsin-EDTA solution.
• Quench the trypsin activity with fresh culture media containing FBS.
• Transfer the detached cells to a new culture vessel or split them into multiple culture dishes/flasks to allow further propagation.
• Repeat the cell culture and propagation process as needed for experimental purposes.

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