BIO721 Advances In Molecular Biology UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

BIO721 Advances in Molecular Biology is an advanced course at UITM, Malaysia, providing a comprehensive understanding of current Molecular Biology topics. The main focus areas include DNA replication, chromosomal structure and function, gene structure and function, and various DNA manipulation techniques. Students will delve into proteome analysis and medical genetics. Additionally,We will critically analyze current scientific literature and apply the learned concepts in class discussions and assessments.

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Assignment Activity 1 : To express how our genomes function, including gene activation and deactivation, RNA synthesis and protein biosynthesis and be able to use this knowledge in their work.

Our genomes, composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), contain the instructions that govern the functioning of our cells and ultimately shape our traits and characteristics. Gene activation and deactivation play a crucial role in controlling these processes.

Gene Activation and Deactivation: 

Genes are specific sequences of DNA that code for particular proteins. Gene activation refers to the process by which a gene is “turned on” and becomes actively transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid) to produce a protein. Gene deactivation, on the other hand, involves the repression of gene expression, preventing the synthesis of specific proteins.

Various factors influence gene regulation, including environmental signals, cellular cues, and other molecules within the cell. The regulatory regions of genes control their activation, acting like switches that respond to internal and external stimuli. This fine-tuned regulation ensures that cells produce the necessary proteins at the right time and in the right amount.

RNA Synthesis:

 RNA synthesis occurs through a process called transcription. Enzymes called RNA polymerases bind to specific gene regions, initiating the synthesis of complementary RNA strands. The newly formed RNA serves as a messenger carrying genetic information from the DNA in the cell’s nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Protein Biosynthesis: 

Protein biosynthesis takes place at the ribosomes, where the mRNA (messenger RNA) provides the template for assembling amino acids into a functional protein. This process is called translation. Each set of three mRNA bases (codon) corresponds to a specific amino acid, and the sequence of codons determines the protein’s primary structure. Ribosomes facilitate the binding of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carrying the corresponding amino acids, leading to protein synthesis.

Application of Knowledge:

Understanding how genomes function, gene regulation, and protein synthesis is essential in various scientific fields. In molecular biology research, it helps to study genetic disorders, identify potential drug targets, and develop gene therapies. Additionally, knowledge of gene regulation and protein synthesis aids in biotechnology, genetic engineering, and the production of pharmaceuticals through recombinant DNA technology.

Assignment Activity 2 : To explain molecular biology-based methods that are applied to the diagnosis of diseases.

Molecular biology has revolutionized disease diagnosis by enabling precise and sensitive techniques to detect genetic, viral, bacterial, and other pathogenic factors.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): 

PCR is a technique that amplifies specific DNA sequences, making it possible to detect minuscule amounts of DNA. It is widely used in diagnosing genetic disorders, infectious diseases (e.g., COVID-19), and detecting viral or bacterial pathogens.

DNA Sequencing:

 DNA sequencing involves determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. This technique is crucial in identifying genetic mutations responsible for hereditary diseases and characterizing infectious agents, helping to choose appropriate treatments and track disease outbreaks.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):

ELISA is an immunological method that detects antibodies or antigens in patient samples. It plays a vital role in diagnosing various infections, autoimmune diseases, and allergies.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): 

FISH is used to visualize specific DNA sequences within cells or tissues. It aids in identifying chromosomal abnormalities, gene rearrangements, and oncogene amplifications linked to cancer.

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR): 

RT-PCR converts RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA), which can then be amplified using PCR. It is commonly used to detect and quantify RNA viruses like HIV and hepatitis C.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): 

NGS allows the simultaneous sequencing of multiple DNA molecules, providing vast amounts of genetic data quickly. It aids in identifying mutations associated with cancer, rare diseases, and infectious agents.

Application of Knowledge: 

Molecular biology-based diagnostic methods are essential tools in clinical laboratories, public health institutions, and research centers. These techniques aid in the early detection of diseases, monitoring treatment responses, understanding disease mechanisms, and guiding personalized medicine approaches.

Assignment Activity 3 : To evaluate related materials that are available, such as scientific journals (e.g. Cell, Nature, Scientific American), newspapers, magazines and television programs that relate to course topics. 

To evaluate materials related to molecular biology topics, we can assess the credibility, relevance, and depth of the information presented. Here’s a brief guide:

Scientific Journals:

 Evaluate the reputation of the journal and the authors. Look for peer-reviewed articles published in reputable journals like Nature, Cell, or Scientific American. These journals undergo rigorous review processes to ensure the accuracy and validity of the research.

Newspapers and Magazines: 

Check the credentials of the journalists and the publication’s reputation. Reliable newspapers often have fact-checking processes and employ science journalists who can present complex topics accurately.

Television Programs: 

Assess the program’s source and credibility. Look for documentaries or programs produced by well-known science channels or featuring renowned scientists as guests.

Relevance and Currency: 

Ensure that the material is recent and up-to-date, as molecular biology is a rapidly evolving field. Avoid outdated sources that may not reflect the latest advancements.

Assignment Activity 4 : To explain values, ethics, moral and professionalism related to the advancements of molecular biology.

As molecular biology advances, it brings ethical considerations to the forefront:

Genetic Testing and Privacy: 

Respect for individual autonomy and privacy must be upheld when conducting genetic testing. Proper informed consent and secure data handling are essential.

Gene Editing and CRISPR Technology: The use of gene editing tools like CRISPR raises ethical dilemmas, including the potential for germline editing and its societal implications.

Access to Genetic Information: 

Ensuring equitable access to genetic information and therapies is crucial to avoid exacerbating social disparities.

Animal Testing and Research: 

Researchers must follow ethical guidelines when using animals in molecular biology research, promoting humane treatment and reducing animal suffering.

Dual-Use Research:

Address concerns regarding the potential misuse of research findings for harmful purposes, such as bioterrorism.

Collaboration and Integrity: Professionalism entails fostering collaboration, sharing knowledge, and adhering to ethical principles in scientific research.

Addressing these ethical concerns is vital to promote responsible and beneficial advancements in molecular biology while safeguarding societal values and well-being.

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