BIO712 Sustainable Ecosystems UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

BIO712 Sustainable Ecosystems” at UITM Malaysia focuses on understanding ecosystems and their biodiversity in the context of sustainability for the benefit of Earth. It begins with exploring the history of conservation, environmentalism, and sustainability. Students will learn about the essential ecosystem processes that support these systems and analyze the human activities that impact them. The BIO712 course also covers the influence of climate change on biodiversity and how organisms adapt, sustainable use and commercialization of biodiversity, and the importance of community participation in conservation efforts. Additionally, students will be introduced to ecosystem-based management practices for conserving and sustaining biodiversity. The teaching methods include case studies, lectures, and field trips.

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Assignment Brief 1 : To express and generalize on the history of conservation, environmentalism and sustainability

The history of conservation, environmentalism, and sustainability can be traced back to various movements and developments that have shaped humanity’s relationship with the natural world.

Conservation: 

Conservation efforts have their roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when concerns about the depletion of natural resources, particularly wildlife and forests, started gaining attention. Influential figures like John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt played significant roles in promoting conservation in the United States. The establishment of the world’s first national park, Yellowstone National Park in 1872, marked a milestone in the conservation movement. Gradually, the idea of preserving nature for future generations gained momentum worldwide.

Environmentalism:

The emergence of modern environmentalism can be attributed to the 1960s and 1970s when various environmental crises, such as air and water pollution, raised public awareness about the detrimental impact of human activities on the environment. Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring” (1962) highlighted the dangers of pesticides, sparking the environmental movement. Earth Day, celebrated since 1970, became a significant event that mobilized millions of people in support of environmental protection.

Sustainability:

 The concept of sustainability gained prominence in the late 20th century as the understanding grew that human activities must be conducted in a manner that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The Brundtland Commission’s report “Our Common Future” (1987) defined sustainability as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. This idea laid the groundwork for incorporating environmental, social, and economic considerations into policymaking and decision-making processes.

Assignment Brief  2 : To differentiate the anthropogenic activities that impacts on ecosystems and their related biodiversity, including ecosystem linkages and services

Anthropogenic (human-caused) activities have significantly impacted ecosystems and biodiversity, leading to numerous environmental challenges. Some of the major activities and their impacts include:

1. Deforestation: 

Large-scale clearing of forests for agriculture, logging, and urbanization disrupts ecosystems, reduces habitat for wildlife, and contributes to climate change by reducing carbon sequestration.

2. Pollution: 

Release of pollutants into the air, water, and soil, including toxic chemicals, industrial waste, and plastic waste, harms biodiversity, contaminates water sources, and affects the health of both wildlife and humans.

3. Climate Change: 

Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, intensify the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming, altered weather patterns, and disruptions in ecosystems.

4. Overfishing: 

Excessive fishing beyond sustainable levels leads to the depletion of fish populations, disrupts marine ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of communities dependent on fisheries.

5. Habitat Destruction:

 Urbanization, agriculture, and infrastructure development result in the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, reducing the available space for wildlife and disrupting migration patterns.

6. Invasive Species: 

Introduction of non-native species to new environments can outcompete native species, disrupt food chains, and alter ecosystem dynamics, leading to a loss of biodiversity.

Assignment Brief 3 : To analyse and compare the processes that sustains ecosystems and their related biodiversity

Several processes play essential roles in sustaining ecosystems and biodiversity:

1. Nutrient Cycling:

 Nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are cycled through ecosystems, supporting the growth of plants and providing essential elements for various organisms.

2. Photosynthesis:

 Green plants and algae convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis, forming the basis of the food chain and producing oxygen, crucial for most life forms.

3. Biodiversity: 

The variety of species within an ecosystem contributes to its resilience and stability, as each organism plays a unique role in maintaining ecological balance.

4. Symbiosis:

 Symbiotic relationships, like mutualism and commensalism, facilitate interactions between species and promote ecosystem health.

5. Predation and Herbivory:

 The control of populations through predation and herbivory helps maintain species diversity and prevents any one species from dominating an ecosystem.

Assignment Brief 4 : To compare and review the current and emerging biodiversity conservation and management instruments and efforts, in Malaysia and globally

In Malaysia and around the world, efforts to conserve and manage biodiversity have evolved over the years. Some of the key instruments and efforts include:

1. Protected Areas: 

Establishing national parks, wildlife reserves, and marine protected areas is a common approach to safeguarding important habitats and preserving biodiversity.

2. Wildlife Conservation Policies: 

Governments implement policies and regulations to protect endangered species, control illegal wildlife trade, and enforce hunting restrictions.

3. Sustainable Resource Management:

 Promoting sustainable practices in forestry, fisheries, and agriculture aims to reduce the impact of human activities on ecosystems and ensure long-term resource availability.

4. International Conventions and Agreements: 

Participation in global agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) fosters cooperation and commitments to conserve biodiversity at an international level.

5. Conservation Education and Awareness:

 Raising public awareness about biodiversity conservation fosters a sense of responsibility and encourages individual and community engagement in conservation efforts.

6. Research and Monitoring: 

Ongoing scientific research and monitoring provide valuable data on biodiversity trends, helping to assess the effectiveness of conservation measures and identify areas of concern.

7. Restoration Initiatives:

 Restoration projects for degraded habitats help rehabilitate ecosystems and support the recovery of endangered species.

In conclusion, the history of conservation, environmentalism, and sustainability has been shaped by influential figures and movements. Anthropogenic activities have significantly impacted ecosystems and biodiversity, but there are various natural processes that sustain them. In response, conservation and management efforts, both in Malaysia and globally, involve a range of strategies, policies, and international collaborations to protect and preserve biodiversity for future generations.

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