BIO260 Biological Systems UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

BIO260 Biological Systems is a course offered at UITM in Malaysia. It explores the structure, processes, and functions of various biological systems found in animals and plants. The BIO260 course provides students with an understanding of how these systems operate, including their organization, interactions, and regulation. Students will examine key concepts related to biological systems, such as the nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, reproductive system, and various plant systems. The BIO260 course aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and interconnections within biological systems, enabling students to apply this knowledge in various scientific and research contexts.

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Assignment Brief 1 : Describe the structure, process, function of tissues and systems in animals and plants.

Animals and plants possess complex structures that enable them to carry out vital functions. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions, while systems consist of multiple tissues working in coordination. Here, we will explore the structure, process, and function of tissues and systems in both animals and plants.

In animals

• Epithelial Tissue: Epithelial tissue forms the outer covering of the body and lines internal organs. It serves as a protective barrier and aids in absorption and secretion.
• Connective Tissue: Connective tissue supports and connects various body parts. It includes bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue, providing structural support, protection, and transportation.
• Muscle Tissue: Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
• Nervous Tissue: Nervous tissue consists of neurons and supports communication and coordination within the body.

Animal systems:

• Digestive System: The digestive system processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste through organs such as the mouth, stomach, and intestines.
• Circulatory System: The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body via the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
• Respiratory System: The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, with the lungs as the primary organ.
• Nervous System: The nervous system controls body functions and coordinates responses to stimuli through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• Skeletal System: The skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement, consisting of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
• Muscular System: The muscular system enables movement and posture through the interaction of muscles and tendons.
• Reproductive System: The reproductive system is involved in the production of offspring and includes organs such as the ovaries, testes, and uterus.

In plants:

• Dermal Tissue: Dermal tissue forms the outermost layer of plants, protecting against water loss and pathogens.
• Ground Tissue: Ground tissue is responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support.
• Vascular Tissue: Vascular tissue facilitates the transport of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. Xylem transports water and minerals, while phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds.

Plant systems:

• Root System: The root system anchors the plant, absorbs water and nutrients from the soil, and stores carbohydrates.
• Shoot System: The shoot system includes the stem, leaves, and reproductive structures. It performs photosynthesis, provides support, and bears flowers, fruits, or cones.
• Vascular System: The vascular system, composed of xylem and phloem, transports fluids within the plant.
• Reproductive System: The reproductive system in plants involves the production of gametes and the development of flowers, fruits, and seeds.

Assignment Brief 2 : Explain the structure, process, function of tissues and systems in animals and plants.

Structure, process, and function of tissues and systems in animals and plants vary based on their unique adaptations and requirements. Understanding these aspects helps us appreciate the intricacies of life forms.

In animals:

• Epithelial Tissue: Epithelial tissue consists of closely packed cells that form sheets or layers. It can be simple (single layer) or stratified (multiple layers). Epithelial cells have different shapes and functions, such as squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. Their tight arrangement forms barriers that protect underlying tissues and organs. Some epithelial tissues also have specialized structures like cilia or microvilli to aid in absorption or secretion.
• Connective Tissue: Connective tissue is characterized by cells dispersed within an extracellular matrix. This matrix contains fibers (collagen, elastin) and ground substance. Connective tissue provides support, connects body parts, and cushions organs. Bone tissue provides structure and protection, while blood transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.
• Muscle Tissue: Muscle tissue allows animals to move and generates force. There are three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and enable voluntary movements. Smooth muscles line the walls of organs and control involuntary movements. Cardiac muscle forms the heart and contracts to pump blood.
• Nervous Tissue: Nervous tissue is specialized for communication and coordination. Neurons are the functional cells of the nervous system. They receive and transmit electrical signals called nerve impulses, allowing for rapid communication. Glial cells provide support and nourishment to neurons.

Animal systems:

• Digestive System: The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. It involves the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
• Circulatory System: The circulatory system transports vital substances throughout the body. The heart pumps blood, and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) distribute oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and remove waste.
• Respiratory System: The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the organism and the environment. It involves the lungs, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is eliminated.
• Nervous System: The nervous system controls body functions and coordinates responses to stimuli. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, which transmit signals for sensory perception, motor control, and regulation of bodily functions.
• Skeletal System: The skeletal system provides structural support, protects organs, and allows for movement. It comprises bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
• Muscular System: The muscular system enables movement and generates heat. It consists of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles.
• Reproductive System: The reproductive system is involved in the production of offspring. It includes organs such as the ovaries, testes, uterus, and associated structures.

In plants:

• Dermal Tissue: Dermal tissue forms the outermost layer of plants, called the epidermis. It protects against water loss, pathogens, and regulates gas exchange through specialized structures like stomata.
• Ground Tissue: Ground tissue makes up the bulk of the plant body. It performs photosynthesis (in leaves), stores nutrients (in roots and stems), and provides support. Parenchyma cells are involved in photosynthesis, collenchyma cells provide flexible support, and sclerenchyma cells offer rigidity and strength.
• Vascular Tissue: Vascular tissue includes xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots, while phloem carries sugars, amino acids, and other organic compounds between the different plant parts.

Plant systems:

• Root System: The root system anchors the plant in the soil, absorbs water and nutrients, and stores carbohydrates. It consists of the primary root and its lateral branches.
• Shoot System: The shoot system comprises the stem, leaves, and reproductive structures. The stem provides support and transports substances between the root and leaves. Leaves are the primary site for photosynthesis, and reproductive structures produce flowers, fruits, or cones.
• Vascular System: The vascular system, consisting of xylem and phloem, facilitates the long-distance transport of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.
• Reproductive System: The reproductive system in plants involves the production of gametes (pollen and ovules) and the development of flowers, fruits, and seeds. It ensures the continuation of the species.

Assignment Brief 3 : Outline written report on scientific experiments in area of tissues and systems in animals and plants.

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on Cellular Respiration in Animal and Plant Tissues

Introduction

• Background information on cellular respiration in animals and plants
• Importance of understanding the effects of temperature on cellular respiration
•  Purpose of the experiment and hypothesis
  

  Materials and Methods

• Description of the experimental setup
• List of materials and equipment used
• Procedure for obtaining animal and plant tissues
• Measurement and control of temperature variables
• Experimental variables and controls

Results

• Presentation of data collected during the experiment
• Graphical representation of the relationship between temperature and cellular respiration rates
• Statistical analysis of the data (if applicable)

Discussion

• Interpretation of the results and comparison between animal and plant tissues
• Explanation of the observed trends and patterns
•  Discussion of possible underlying mechanisms and metabolic processes affected by temperature
•  Evaluation of the hypothesis and potential sources of error

Conclusion

• Summary of the findings and their significance
•  Implications of the study for understanding the adaptation of animals and plants to temperature variations
•  Suggestions for further research and experimentation

References

• Citations of relevant scientific literature and resources used
• Proper acknowledgment of sources and references consulted during the study

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