BCM311 Biochemistry II UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

BCM311 Biochemistry II at UITM Malaysia introduces students to fundamental concepts in biochemistry, including the laws of thermodynamics, enzyme kinetics, and metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. Students will also explore topics related to ATP, learning how it is consumed and produced in various metabolic pathways, such as carbohydrates and lipids. Lectures, presentations, and practical applications of protein purification techniques will supplement the course, equipping students with essential skills and a comprehensive understanding of metabolism.

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Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes and substances within living organisms. It delves into the intricate mechanisms of life at a molecular level, studying various topics such as metabolism, enzymes, proteins, DNA, and cellular functions. Through practical applications, biochemistry helps unravel the complexity of biological systems and aids in fields like medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

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Assignment Activity 1 : Explain the Law of Thermodynamics, basic terms of enzymes kinetics, metabolism and electron transport system

The Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental principle in physics and chemistry that describes the behavior of energy in systems. There are four main laws, but for the purpose of this assignment, we will focus on the first and second laws.

• The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Energy Conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It can only be transformed from one form to another or transferred between different parts of the system. In other words, the total energy within a closed system remains constant.
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy, which is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system. It states that in any energy transfer or transformation, the total entropy of an isolated system will always increase or remain constant. This implies that natural processes tend to move towards a state of greater disorder or randomness.

Enzyme kinetics refers to the study of how enzymes, which are biological catalysts, facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. Some basic terms in enzyme kinetics include:

• Substrate: The molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
• Enzyme-substrate complex: The temporary complex formed when the enzyme binds to the substrate during a reaction.
• Active site: The specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place.
• Enzyme specificity: The selectivity of an enzyme for a particular substrate or group of substrates.

Metabolism refers to the set of chemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life. It involves the processes of breaking down complex molecules (catabolism) to release energy and building up complex molecules (anabolism) for cellular processes. Metabolic pathways are sequences of interconnected chemical reactions that are regulated by enzymes.

The Electron Transport System (ETS) is a crucial part of cellular respiration and is responsible for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells. In the ETS, electrons from energy-rich molecules, such as glucose, are passed through a series of protein complexes and carriers, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP.

Assignment Activity 2 : Describe the functions, reactions and control of selected metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipid metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism:

Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle): The oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Glycogenesis: The synthesis of glycogen from glucose for energy storage.

Glycogenolysis: The breakdown of glycogen into glucose for energy release.

Gluconeogenesis: The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as amino acids and glycerol.

Amino Acid Metabolism:

Transamination: The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid and a new keto acid.

Deamination: The removal of an amino group from an amino acid, forming ammonia and a keto acid.

Urea cycle: The process of converting ammonia into urea for its excretion.

Protein synthesis: The assembly of amino acids into proteins through transcription and translation.

Lipid Metabolism:

Lipolysis: The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Beta-oxidation: The breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA for energy production.

Lipogenesis: The synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides from acetyl-CoA.

Cholesterol synthesis: The biosynthesis of cholesterol, an essential lipid involved in various cellular processes.

Assignment Activity 3 : Show the production and consumption of “high energy” compounds like ATP, production and consumption of reducing power in the pathways studied and the assays of protein and enzymes

Production and Consumption of ATP:

ATP synthesis occurs through processes such as oxidative phosphorylation (involving the electron transport chain) and substrate-level phosphorylation (e.g., during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle).

ATP is consumed in various cellular activities, such as muscle contraction, active transport, biosynthesis, and signaling pathways.

Production and Consumption of Reducing Power:

NADH and FADH2 generated during catabolic pathways (e.g., glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and beta-oxidation) act as reducing agents.

These reducing agents are then utilized in oxidative phosphorylation (ETS) to produce ATP.

Assays of Protein and Enzymes:

Protein assays quantify the total protein content in a sample, commonly using techniques like the Bradford assay, BCA assay, or Lowry assay.

Enzyme assays measure the activity or concentration of specific enzymes. Common methods include spectrophotometric assays, where changes in absorbance are correlated with enzyme activity or reaction rate

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