BMS672 Topics In Biotechnology UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

BMS672 is a biotechnology course that enables students to apply their acquired knowledge and skills in evaluating and analyzing scientific reports, services, or solutions developed through biotechnology tools. The BMS672 course incorporates both distance learning and interactive components. Students will engage in intensive literature surveys, critical reading, and discussions with their assigned lecturers.

Additionally, We will be required to submit reading reports and deliver oral presentations as part of the course assessment.

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Assignment Task 1 : Extract and explain the core points from a scientific review article on a topic/ subject in biotechnology

Introduction: 

The scientific review article discusses the revolutionary gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 and its applications in biotechnology. CRISPR-Cas9 allows precise modifications to the genome, offering tremendous potential in diverse areas of biotechnology research.

Core Points:

• CRISPR-Cas9 Mechanism: The article explains the CRISPR-Cas9 system’s functioning, comprising two key components: the Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA (gRNA). The gRNA guides Cas9 to the target DNA sequence, where Cas9 induces a double-stranded break, initiating repair processes.
• Gene Editing Applications: The review highlights the numerous applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in biotechnology, including gene knockout, gene insertion, and gene correction. It elaborates on how researchers can leverage this tool to precisely manipulate genes in various organisms.
• Disease Treatment: The article emphasizes the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in treating genetic diseases. By correcting or replacing faulty genes, it offers a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions.
• Agricultural Biotechnology: CRISPR-Cas9’s applications in crop improvement and livestock breeding are discussed. Its precision enables targeted gene modifications to develop disease-resistant plants and enhance agricultural productivity.
• Ethical Considerations: The review addresses the ethical implications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, particularly concerning germline editing and unintended off-target effects. It emphasizes the need for responsible use and regulation.
• Limitations: While powerful, the article acknowledges certain limitations of CRISPR-Cas9, such as off-target effects, delivery challenges, and potential mosaicism in edited organisms.

Assignment Task 2 : Critically analyze selected scientific articles on the same subject matter, including pointing out limitations, suggesting possible improvements and appraising the impact of the scientific work and findings contained within the articles

Article 1: “Enhancing CRISPR-Cas9 Specificity through Structure-Guided Design of the gRNA”

Limitations:

• The study mainly focuses on enhancing gRNA specificity but overlooks the delivery methods of Cas9 into target cells. Addressing delivery challenges is crucial for real-world applications of CRISPR-Cas9.
• The research lacks a comprehensive analysis of potential off-target effects of the modified gRNA sequences, which could impact the overall specificity and safety of the gene-editing process.

Possible Improvements:

• Future research should consider combining improved gRNA designs with optimized Cas9 delivery techniques to achieve higher specificity and efficiency in gene editing.
• Conducting in-depth off-target analysis using advanced sequencing technologies can provide a clearer understanding of the potential risks associated with the modified gRNA sequences.

Appraisal of Impact:

 The work holds significant importance as it addresses a critical concern in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing—specificity. Enhancing gRNA design can reduce off-target effects and make CRISPR-Cas9 safer and more reliable for various applications in biotechnology and gene therapy.

Article 2: “CRISPR-Cas9 in Gene Therapy: Recent Breakthroughs and Challenges”

Limitations:

• The article lacks a comprehensive discussion on potential long-term side effects and immune responses to the Cas9 protein, which could limit the wide-scale adoption of CRISPR-based gene therapies.
• It does not address the challenges of delivering the CRISPR-Cas9 components to specific tissues or organs for effective therapeutic outcomes.

Possible Improvements:

• Future studies should focus on conducting long-term follow-up assessments of patients treated with CRISPR-based gene therapies to monitor any potential adverse effects and ensure the safety of the approach.
• Researchers should explore innovative delivery methods, such as viral vectors or nanoparticles, to target specific tissues and reduce off-target effects.

Appraisal of Impact:

 The article highlights recent breakthroughs in CRISPR-based gene therapy and demonstrates its potential for treating genetic disorders. However, the lack of in-depth discussion on safety aspects and delivery challenges calls for further research and cautious implementation in clinical settings.

Article 3: “CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Human Embryos: A Promising Path or Ethical Dilemma?”

Limitation:

• The article primarily focuses on ethical concerns surrounding germline editing but does not thoroughly explore potential benefits in disease prevention or treatment using this approach.
• It may not provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of regulations and guidelines pertaining to germline editing in different countries or regions.

Possible Improvements:

• Including a balanced discussion on the potential benefits of germline editing in preventing hereditary diseases and improving human health could provide a more holistic view of the topic.
• Conducting a comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks worldwide would offer valuable insights into the ethical considerations and policy implications of germline editing.

Appraisal of Impact:

The article effectively raises ethical concerns related to germline editing, but to fully appreciate the implications of this technology, a more balanced approach that considers both ethical considerations and potential benefits is necessary.

Assignment Task 3 : Collate and critically analyze information on a given specific topic, orally present the analysis and response appropriately to questions raised

In this oral presentation, I will collate and critically analyze information on the role of gut microbiota in human health:

Introduction: 

Gut microbiota refers to the diverse community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent research has shed light on its crucial role in various aspects of human health.

• Gut-Brain Axis: Evidence suggests that gut microbiota can influence brain function and behavior through the gut-brain axis. Communication between the gut and the brain occurs via neural, endocrine, and immune pathways, affecting mood, cognition, and mental health.
• Immune System Modulation: The gut microbiota plays a significant role in shaping the immune system’s development and function. It helps maintain immune homeostasis and protects against pathogens, contributing to overall health and disease prevention.
• Nutrient Metabolism: Microbes in the gut aid in the breakdown and fermentation of complex dietary compounds, releasing essential nutrients and metabolites that are absorbed and utilized by the host. Imbalances in gut microbiota can lead to nutrient deficiencies and related health issues.
• Gut Microbiota and Digestive Disorders: Research has linked gut dysbiosis to various digestive disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastroenteritis. Understanding and manipulating the gut microbiota offer potential therapeutic avenues for managing these conditions.
• Impact of Diet on Gut Microbiota: Dietary habits significantly influence gut microbial composition. High-fiber diets promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, while diets high in processed foods and sugars can lead to dysbiosis. Personalized nutrition based on an individual’s gut microbiome is an emerging area of research.
• Antibiotics and Gut Health: The use of antibiotics can disrupt the gut microbiota, leading to temporary or long-term imbalances. This can result in antibiotic-associated diarrhea and may contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
• Probiotics and Prebiotics: Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer health benefits. Prebiotics, on the other hand, are non-digestible fibers that nourish beneficial gut bacteria. Both have the potential to positively influence gut health.

Conclusion: 

The emerging field of gut microbiota research has revealed its significant impact on human health and disease. Further studies are needed to deepen our understanding of this complex ecosystem, allowing the development of targeted interventions and therapies to promote human well-being.

During the presentation, I will respond to questions raised by the audience, fostering a comprehensive discussion on the topic and its implications for human health and personalized medicine.

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