BCT480 Environmental Assessment UITM  Assignment Answer Malaysia

The BCT480 Environmental Assessment course at UITM is designed as an introductory course for B.Sc. (Hons.) Bio-Composite Technology students in the Faculty of Applied Sciences. The course provides a comprehensive overview of various topics in environmental science, focusing on current environmental issues and challenges. Students will learn about the nature and sources of air, water, and noise pollution, as well as hazardous waste management and the scientific principles associated with these problems. The BCT480  course also covers the application of remote sensing and GIS in environmental monitoring, climate change, carbon sequestration, and explores the concepts of environmental impacts and ecosystem function. Throughout the course, students will gain an understanding of both natural environments and human activities that impact the Earth’s resources.

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Assignment Task 1: Define the earth’s atmosphere, pollution and pollutants, and write and explain the different natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution

The Earth’s atmosphere refers to the layer of gases that surround our planet. It is held in place by Earth’s gravitational force and plays a crucial role in sustaining life. The atmosphere consists of several layers, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment, leading to adverse effects on living organisms, ecosystems, and the overall balance of nature. Air pollution specifically refers to the contamination of the air with pollutants, which can have detrimental effects on human health and the environment.

Pollutants are substances or particles that are released into the atmosphere and contribute to air pollution. These pollutants can be of natural or anthropogenic (human-made) origin.

Natural sources of air pollution include:

• Volcanic eruptions: Volcanoes release a large amount of gases, ash, and particulate matter into the atmosphere, which can have regional and even global effects on air quality.
• Forest fires: Wildfires emit smoke, gases, and particulate matter, which can pollute the air over a wide area.
• Dust storms: Natural phenomena like dust storms or sandstorms can generate large amounts of airborne dust particles, leading to temporary air pollution.

Anthropogenic sources of air pollution include:

1. Industrial emissions: The burning of fossil fuels in industries, power plants, and manufacturing processes releases pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter.
2. Vehicle emissions: The combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles releases pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
3. Agricultural activities: The use of fertilizers, pesticides, and the burning of agricultural residues can release pollutants into the air, including ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter.
4. Residential sources: The burning of solid fuels (wood, coal) for heating and cooking purposes, especially in developing countries, can contribute to air pollution through the release of smoke, soot, and indoor pollutants.
5. Waste management: Improper disposal and incineration of waste can release harmful pollutants into the air, such as dioxins, furans, and volatile organic compounds.

Assignment Task 2 : State and identify major air pollutants i.e., particulate matter, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbon and nitrous oxide

Major air pollutants include:

1. Particulate Matter (PM): PM refers to tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. These particles can vary in size and composition and are classified as PM10 (diameter less than 10 micrometers) and PM2.5 (diameter less than 2.5 micrometers). Sources of particulate matter include combustion processes (vehicle emissions, power plants), industrial activities, construction sites, and natural sources like dust and pollen.
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): CO2 is a greenhouse gas that is primarily produced through the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. It is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. Combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, industries, transportation, and residential heating are significant sources of CO2 emissions.
3. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): SO2 is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, especially high-sulfur coal and oil. It is also emitted by industrial processes, such as smelting and refining of metals. SO2 can cause respiratory problems, acid rain, and damage to vegetation.
4. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are released into the air through incomplete combustion processes, such as vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions. Hydrocarbons contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and can have harmful effects on human health.
5. Nitrous Oxide (N2O): N2O is a greenhouse gas emitted from agricultural and industrial activities, as well as the combustion of fossil fuels. It is a potent greenhouse gas with a significant impact on climate change.

Assignment Task 3 : Assess and discuss of the importance of freshwater in protecting and conserving natural environments

Freshwater is a vital resource that plays a crucial role in protecting and conserving natural environments. Here are some key points highlighting the importance of freshwater:

• Ecosystem Support: Freshwater ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, wetlands, and groundwater, support a wide array of plants, animals, and microorganisms. They provide habitats, breeding grounds, and food sources for numerous species, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
• Drinking Water: Freshwater sources serve as the primary source of drinking water for humans and many other terrestrial organisms. Access to clean and safe drinking water is essential for human health and well-being.
• Agriculture and Food Production: Freshwater is essential for irrigation and crop cultivation, enabling agricultural practices and sustaining food production. Adequate water supply is necessary for maintaining agricultural productivity and ensuring food security.
• Industrial and Economic Activities: Freshwater is a vital resource for various industrial processes, including manufacturing, energy production, and mining. It is also used in tourism, recreation, and transportation sectors, contributing to economic development and employment opportunities.
• Hydrological Cycle: Freshwater plays a crucial role in the Earth’s water cycle. It helps regulate the distribution and circulation of water across the planet, influencing weather patterns, precipitation, and climate stability.

Conserving and protecting freshwater environments is essential to maintain these benefits. It involves sustainable water management practices, reducing pollution and overuse, preserving wetlands and natural habitats, and promoting water conservation awareness among individuals and communities.

Assignment Task 4 : Identify and categorize sources of water pollution, noise pollution and hazardous waste management

Sources of water pollution can be categorized into various types:

• Point Source Pollution: This type of pollution originates from specific identifiable sources, such as industrial facilities, sewage treatment plants, and oil spills. Point source pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly into water bodies through pipes, drains, or outlets.
• Non-point Source Pollution: Non-point source pollution refers to diffuse sources of pollution that are challenging to trace back to a single origin. Examples include runoff from agricultural fields, urban areas, and construction sites. When it rains, pollutants like fertilizers, pesticides, sediment, and debris can be carried into water bodies by runoff, causing contamination.
• Agricultural Pollution: Agricultural activities contribute to water pollution through the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. These chemicals can enter water bodies through runoff or leaching, affecting water quality and aquatic ecosystems.
• Industrial Pollution: Industries discharge various pollutants into water bodies, including heavy metals, organic chemicals, and toxic substances. Improper disposal of industrial waste, untreated wastewater, and accidental spills can all contribute to water pollution.
• Municipal and Domestic Pollution: Municipal sewage treatment plants and inadequate sanitation systems can release untreated or partially treated wastewater into rivers, lakes, or coastal areas, leading to water pollution. Improper disposal of household waste, including plastics and chemicals, can also contribute to water pollution.

In addition to water pollution, there are other forms of environmental pollution:

• Noise Pollution: Noise pollution refers to excessive or disturbing noise that interferes with normal activities and has adverse effects on human health and well-being. Sources of noise pollution include transportation (vehicles, aircraft), industrial activities, construction sites, and recreational activities.
• Hazardous Waste Management: Improper handling, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste can lead to environmental contamination. Hazardous waste includes chemicals, solvents, heavy metals, electronic waste, and medical waste. Effective management and disposal methods, such as recycling, treatment, and secure landfills, are essential to prevent pollution and protect human health.

Assignment Task 5 : State, write and describe issues of global warming, greenhouse effects and carbon sequestration

Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth’s average temperature due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is primarily caused by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The greenhouse effect is the natural process by which greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, maintaining a suitable temperature for life.

Key issues related to global warming and the greenhouse effect include:

• Climate Change: Global warming is a significant driver of climate change. Rising temperatures lead to changes in weather patterns, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (heatwaves, storms, floods), altered precipitation patterns, and shifts in ecosystems and habitats.
• Rising Sea Levels: As global temperatures increase, melting glaciers and ice caps contribute to rising sea levels. This poses a threat to coastal communities, low-lying islands, and ecosystems, increasing the risk of flooding and erosion.
• Impacts on Biodiversity: Climate change affects ecosystems and biodiversity. Species may face challenges in adapting to changing conditions, leading to habitat loss, shifts in migration patterns, and increased vulnerability to extinction.
• Mitigation and Adaptation: Mitigation efforts aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow down global warming through measures like transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable practices. Adaptation involves preparing for and adjusting to the impacts of climate change, such as implementing resilient infrastructure, enhancing disaster preparedness, and protecting vulnerable communities.
• Carbon Sequestration: Carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, primarily through natural means like afforestation (planting trees) and the conservation of forests and other ecosystems. It is an important strategy to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases and mitigate climate change.

Addressing global warming and its associated issues requires global cooperation, policy interventions, technological advancements, and public awareness to transition towards a more sustainable and low-carbon future.

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