PHT414 Movements Science UITM Assignment Answer Malaysia

PHT414 Movement Science is a course offered at UITM in Malaysia. The course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of human movement and its associated concepts. It explores the field of movement science, focusing on fundamental biomechanical principles related to human posture and movement. The course covers both qualitative and quantitative movement analysis, with a special emphasis on its clinical applications.

Through this course, students will gain knowledge and insights into the mechanics and dynamics of human movement. 

They will learn about the principles that govern the human body’s ability to maintain posture, execute various movements, and interact with the environment. 

The course equips students with the tools to analyze and evaluate human movement, both subjectively and objectively.

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Assignment Activity 1: Explain the biomechanical principles of movement, balance, and posture in humans.

Biomechanics is the study of the mechanical principles that govern human movement. When it comes to movement, balance, and posture, several biomechanical principles play a crucial role. Here are some key principles:

1. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Newton’s three laws of motion are fundamental to understanding movement. The first law states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest, while an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force. The second law relates to the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, stating that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration. The third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. These laws help explain the forces involved in movement and how they affect balance and posture.
2. Center of Mass (COM): The center of mass is the point where the mass of an object is concentrated. In humans, the COM is typically located around the pelvis area. Maintaining balance involves keeping the line of gravity within the base of support, which is the area beneath the feet. By controlling the position of the COM and adjusting body segments, humans can maintain balance and execute various movements.
3. Base of Support (BOS): The base of support refers to the area beneath the body that contacts the supporting surface. It can vary depending on the position and movement being performed. A wider base of support provides greater stability, while a narrower base allows for more mobility but reduced stability. Adjusting the size and position of the base of support is crucial for maintaining balance and stability during different activities.
4. Kinetic Chain: The kinetic chain refers to the interconnected segments of the body that work together during movement. It includes joints, muscles, and bones. The kinetic chain is involved in transmitting forces and coordinating movement. Proper alignment and coordination of the kinetic chain are essential for efficient and effective movement, as well as maintaining balance and posture.
5. Alignment and Posture: Maintaining proper alignment and posture is crucial for optimal movement. Correct alignment minimizes stress on joints, ligaments, and muscles, reducing the risk of injury and maximizing efficiency. Proper posture ensures that the body’s segments are properly aligned, allowing for optimal force generation and distribution during movement.

Understanding and applying these biomechanical principles is essential for movement analysis, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement in various fields, including sports, physical therapy, and ergonomics.

Assignment Activity 2: Display observational and instrumented analysis of movement, balance, and posture in humans.

Observational Analysis: Observational analysis involves visually assessing and describing movement, balance, and posture without the use of specialized equipment. It relies on careful observation and knowledge of biomechanical principles. Here are some examples:

• Movement: Observing gait patterns, joint movements, coordination, and muscle activation during different activities such as walking, running, or lifting.
• Balance: Assessing postural control, sway patterns, and compensatory movements during static or dynamic balance tasks, such as standing on one leg or walking on uneven surfaces.
• Posture: Analyzing alignment, joint angles, and muscle imbalances in various positions, such as sitting, standing, or lying down.

Assignment Activity 3: Analyze the biomechanical mechanisms underlying neuro-musculoskeletal disorders and clinical decision-making in physiotherapy practice.

Neuro-musculoskeletal disorders encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the nervous, musculoskeletal, and sensory systems. Understanding the biomechanical mechanisms underlying these disorders is essential for clinical decision-making in physiotherapy practice. Here are some key aspects:

1. Joint Mechanics: Abnormal joint mechanics can contribute to various neuro-musculoskeletal disorders. For example, osteoarthritis involves the degeneration of joint surfaces, leading to altered joint mechanics and increased stress on the affected joints. Analyzing joint mechanics helps physiotherapists understand the underlying causes and develop appropriate treatment strategies.
2. Muscle Imbalances: Imbalances in muscle strength, length, or coordination can lead to abnormal movement patterns and contribute to neuro-musculoskeletal disorders. For instance, weak hip abductor muscles can contribute to abnormal knee mechanics and increase the risk of conditions like patellofemoral pain syndrome. Assessing and addressing muscle imbalances are vital for optimizing movement and function.
3. Gait Analysis: Abnormalities in gait (walking) mechanics often accompany neuro-musculoskeletal disorders. Analyzing gait patterns can provide valuable information about specific impairments and guide treatment decisions. Gait analysis may involve observational assessment, instrumented analysis using motion capture systems or wearable sensors, and spatiotemporal parameters (stride length, step width, etc.) evaluation.
4. Biomechanical Stressors: Neuro-musculoskeletal disorders can be influenced by biomechanical stressors, such as excessive loading, improper movement patterns, or poor posture. For example, improper lifting techniques can increase the risk of low back pain. Identifying and modifying these stressors through ergonomic adjustments, movement retraining, or strengthening exercises can be crucial for managing and preventing such disorders.
5. Movement Analysis: Analyzing specific movement patterns relevant to the neuro-musculoskeletal disorder helps in identifying impairments and selecting appropriate interventions. For instance, assessing shoulder movement patterns in individuals with rotator cuff injuries can guide the selection of specific exercises to restore normal mechanics and enhance recovery.

By analyzing the biomechanical mechanisms underlying neuro-musculoskeletal disorders, physiotherapists can make informed clinical decisions, develop individualized treatment plans, and monitor progress. 

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